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25 Important Medicinal Plants of India in DEMAND

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Emblica officinalis Gaertn
2.	Family	Euphorbiaceae A deciduous tree, found in deciduous forests of the country upto 1350 m. on hills. Often cultivated.
3.	Area	1300 ha
4.	Production	88200 t
5.	Important States	UP, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra
6.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Banarasi, Chakaiya, Francis, Kanchan, Krishna, Balwant, NA-6, NA-7, NA-9, Anand-2 and BS-1.
	ii. Propagation methods and planting time	Modified ring, patch and shield budding as well as soft wood grafting. June to August
	iii.Fertilizer dozes	1000 gm N, 500 gm P₂O₂and 750 gm K 2O per plant/year. The fertilizer should be given in two split doses viz. Sep – Oct and April – May.
	iv.Irrigation schedule	Irrigation to young plantation at 10 days interval during the summer. To fruit bearing plantations, first irrigation should be given just after manuring and fertilization and then at 15 days intervals after fruit set (April) till onset of monsoon. Avoid irrigation during flowering period.
	v. Diseases, pests and their control:	Diseases/causitive/Organism/agent ------------------------------ Aonla rust (Ravenellia emblica) Fruit rot (Pencillum islandlium) Necrosis (Boron Deficiency) Bark eating caterpillar (Inderbela tetraonis) Shoot gall maker (Betousa stylophora) Aphid (Cerciaphis emblica) Scale insect Anar butterfly (Virachola isocrates)	Control measures ------------------------------- Spray (twice) Dithane Z 78(0.2%) during July- September. Treating the fruits with Nacl solutions. Spray of 0.5% - 0.6% borax in Sept–October Months. Injecting kerosene oil/ Dichlorovols or Endo- Sulfan (0.05%) in holes and plugging with mud Galled twigs should be pruned. Spray of 0.05% monocrotophos during rainy season Spraying of dimethoate @ 0.03% Application of mono- Crotophos @ 0.05% Remove and destroy all the affected fruits.
7.	Planting time i) Rainy season ii) Spring season	July to September Mid of January to March
8.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	The fruit is rich source of vitamins and minerals. High vitamin C content (750-850 mg/100 gram pulp)
9.	Post Harvest Management	Different varieties mature at different period e.g Chakaiya (January), Banarasi (October end), Krishna (December) and Francis (mid November – December). Large size fruits (4 cm. & above) free from blemishes are used for preserve, candy and pickle. Small sized fruits are used for chavanprash making and defective fruits are used for Trifala making. Generally, basket for pigeon pea stem and gunny bag of 40-50 kg capacity with newspaper as liners are used for packing of aonla fruits. However, wooden crate with polythene lines is most suitable for packing and long distance transportation. Aonla fruits can be stored upto 15-20 days at low temperature (10-15^o C). However Chakaiya can be stored upto 45 and 75 days in 10% and 15% salt solution respectively without any decay.
10.	Cost of Cultivation	Cost benefit ratio is 1:4. Pay back period is six years.
11.	Internal consumption and export potential	Export potential yet to be exploited. Huge internal demand in ISM.
12.	Action and uses	Aperient, aphrodisiac, astringent, digestive, diuretic, laxative, refrigerant and tonic. Useful in anaemia, jaundice, dyspepcia, haemorrhagic disorders, bilionsness, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis. An Ayurvedic preparation Chyavanprasha is very much valued for its restorative action
13.	Compound Preparations	Chyavanprasha, Dhatri Lauha, Amalki Rasayana.

2. ASWAHAGANDHA

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Withania somnifera Dunal
2.	Family	Solanaceae
3.	Yield Plant Part	300-400 kg roots/ha + 50-75 kg seeds/ ha
4.	Actual Ingredients	Withaferin, Anaferin, Tropine and many other Alkaloides and Steriodes
5.	Important States	Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
6.	Cultural Practices i)Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Jawahar Asgandh – 20, Jawahar Asgandh 134 and Rakshita
	ii)Propagation methods and planting time	Direct sowing of seeds (Broadcasting) Planting time in 3^rd week of August to September.
	iii) Fertilizer doges	The crop is mainly grown on residual fertility. Hence, no fertilizers applied
	iv) Irrigation schedule	Rainfed
	iv) Diseases, pests and their control	Major disease is damping off, seedling rotting, seedling blight. Seed treatment with Captan 3 g/kg seed is recommended.
7.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Alkaloids and Steroids
8.	Post Harvest Management	The crop is ready in six month, harvesting starts from January and continues upto March. Average yield 400-500 kg of root and 50 kg seed/ha. Cleaning, drying and grading of roots.
9.	Cost of cultivation (Cost : benefit ratio)	About Rs.1000/ha and gross return about Rs.2800 (CB ratio 1:2:8)
10.	Internal consumption and export potential	Huge internal consumption also being exported.
11.	Any other remarks	Immunomodulator/Rasayan drug, general tonic in arthritis.
12.	Action and uses	Alterative, aphrodisiac, tonic, deobstruent, diuretic, narcotic, abortifacient. Used in rheumatism, consumption , debility from old age.
13.	Parts used	Root
14.	Compound preparation	Ashwagandhadi churna, Ashwagandha rasayana, Ashwagandha Ghrit, Ashwagandharishta

3. ASHOKA

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Saraca asoca (roxb.) Dc Wild.
2.	Family	Leguminosae
3.	Local Name	Ashoka
4.	Habit and Habitat	A small evergreen tree 6-9 m. high, found wild along steams or in the shade of evergreen forests. It occurs almost throughout India up to an altitude of 720 m in the Centre and Eastern Himalayas & khasi, Garo & Lushai hills. It is also found in the Andaman islands. Leaves pari-pinnate, 15-20 cm long, leaflets 6-12, oblong, lanceolate, flowers organe or orange-yellow, very fragrant, pods flat, leathery, seeds 4-8, ellipsoid-oblong.
5.	Important Habitat	Himalayas, Bengal and Western Peninsula.
6.	Cultural Practices i.Propagation methods and planting time ii.Irrigation Schedule	Seeds. Seedlings are raised and planted in rainy season Rainfed
7.	Biochemical analysis (Active Ingredients)	Haematoxylin, tannins and glycoside, leucopelargonidin and leucoeyanidin have been extracted from the barks
8.	Post Harvest Management	Bark is removed and sun dried for use in preparation of various herbal medicines.
9.	Utilisation	The bark is reported to stimulate the uterus, making the contractions more frequent and prolonged without producing tonic contraction as in the case of pituitary ergot. It is also reported to cure biliousness dyspepsia, dysentery, colic, piles and pimples. Leaves possess blood purifying properties. Flowers used in dysentery and diabetes.
10.	Plant used	Bark
11.	Actual Ingredients	Tannin and Catechol
12.	Internal consumption and export potential	Internal consumption is quite high in pharmaceutical industries. Good export potential
13.	Action and uses	Astringent, used in menorrhagia and uterine affections, internal bleeding, bleeding haemorrhoids and haemorrhagic dysentry.
14.	Compound Preparations	Ashokarishta, Ashokaghrita

4.ATIS

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Aconitum heterophyllum Wall
2.	Family	Ranunculaceae
3.	Use of Plant Part Actual Ingredients	Root Alkaloids (atisine 0.4%)
4.	Important Habitats	Common in Alpine and subalpine zone of the Himalayas from Indus to Kumaon from 6000 to 15000 ft. from the sea level.
5.	Cultural Practices	Local clones Propagation through seeds in rainy season
6.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Root alkaloids: hetrophylsive, hetrophylline and hetrophyllidine, heteratisine, artisine, altidine, F – dihydroatisine, Isatisine, Hetisine, Hetidines and Hetisinone.
7.	Post Harvest Management	Roots are dried and powdered
8.	Cost of cultivation	Not exploited commercially.
9.	Internal consumption and exports	Roots are exported
10.	Action and Uses	Antipyretic, antiperiodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, tonic. Used in diarrhoea, indigestion, cough, troubles during dentition in children.
11.	Compound Preparations	Balachaturbhadra, Ativishadi Churna

5. BAIBERANG

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Embelia ribes Burm. F
2.	Family	Myrsinaceae
3.	Habit and Habitat	A scandant shrub, reported to be distributed in the hilly parts of India, Assam and Tamil Nadu upto to 1700 m.
4.	Plant Part used	Fruits
5.	Actual Ingredients	Embelin (2.5-3.1%)
6.	Cultural Practices i)Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Local types
	ii)Propagation methods and planting time	Seeds are sown in rainy season
7.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients	Embelin, raponone, homoembelin and homorapanone, quercitol, christembine.
8.	Post Harvest Management	Fully mature fruits are harvested and dried in sun.
9.	Action and uses	Anthelmintic, alterative, astringent, carminative, stimulant and tonic. Used in colic, constipation, flatulence and worms.
10.	Compound Preparations	Vidangadi churna, Vidanga lauha, Vidanga taila.

6. BAEL

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Aegle marmelos L.Corr.
2.	Family	Rutaceae
3.	Habit and Habitat	A small or medium sized tree, distributed throughout the country.
4.	Yield	7500 t
	Plant Part used	Fruits and leaves (200-400 fruits/tree)
	Actual Ingredients	Non reducing sugars, essential oil, abscisic acid and marmelosin.
5.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones Released/identified	Some well known types have been named according to fruit shape and locality e.g Mirzapuri, Darogaji, Ojha, Rampuri etc. Some improved selections are: NB-4, NB-5, NB-9.
	ii.Propagation methods and and planting time	Vegetative propagation by Patch budding in June-July.
	iii.Fertilizer dose	For 8 years old and onwards trees, 80 kg FYM, 480 g N, 320 g P and 480 g K/ tree/year is recommended.
	iv.Irrigation	In the initial years, plants require frequent irrigation. Once established, light irrigation should be given after manuring and fertilization and proper soil moisture may be maintained after fruit set.
	v.Diseases, pests and their control	Name Control Measures ----------------------------------------------------- Bacterial shot Spray of streptomycin Hole sulphate @ 500 ppm. (Xanthomonas controls this disease. Bilvae) Fruit canker Precaution should be taken so that fruit is Not hurt during plucking Also during transporta- tion, the fruit should Be packed tightly.
6.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Protein (1.8%), Fat (0.39%), minerals (1.7%), Carbohydrate (31.8%), Carotena (55 mg/100 fruit), thiamine (0.13 mg/100g), riboflavin (1.190 mg/100).
7.	Post Harvest Management	At the time of harvest, tree become leafless and fruits get completely exposed. The fruits are picked individually from the tree keeping a portion of fruit stalk. Fruits are usually packed in gunny bags, baskets or wooden crates using newspaper as cushioning material. Fruits are quite hardy and they can be stored well at ambient temperature. However, fruits can be stored for 12 weeks at 9^oC.
8.	Internal consumption and export potential	Fruits are mostly consumed in our country. Export potential to be explored.
9.	Cost of cultivation	Cost-benefit ratio is 1:3 and pay back period is six years.
10.	Action and uses	Aromatic, astringent, carminative, cooling, laxative, febrifuge, stomachic; used in colitis, diarrhoea, dysentery and flatulence. Root is also an ingredient of Dashmoola.
11.	Parts used	Fruits, root bark, leaves, rind of the ripe fruit, flowers.
12.	Compound Preparations	Bilwapanchaka Kwath, Bilwandi Churna, Dashmoola rishta, Dashmools Kwath.
13.	Any other remarks	Presence of marmelosin in fruits has anthelminitic activity.

7. BRAHMI

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Bacopa monnieri L
2.	Family	Scrophulariaceae
3.	Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients	Whole plant especially leaves (100 kg dry herb/ha) Alkaloid, brahmine
4.	Habit & Habitat	A small herb found throughout India upto 4000 feet. Plant an annual, creeper is mostly found near water-logged place.
5.	Cultural Practices i. Varieties/Types/Clones Released/identified	Subodhak and Pragyashakti
	ii. Propagation methods and planting time	By runners and by seeds, In rainy season
	iii.Fertilizer doses	100 kg N/ha in three splits; 60 kg P₂0₅ 60 kg K₂O/ha at the time of planting
	iv.Irrigation	After sowing/transplating
6.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Plant contains bacosides A & B, bacogenins, stigmasterol, stigmaotanol B-sitosterol. Leaves give herpestine. Monnierin is also isolated from the plant.
7.	Post Harvest Management	Harvesting in October-November
8.	Cost of cultivation Gross return Net return	Rs.35,000 / ha Rs.2,00,000 / ha Rs. 1,65,000 / ha
9.	Internal consumption and export potential	Having internal and external demand.
10.	Uses	Used as nervine tonic/memory enhancer
11.	Compound Preparations	Brahmighrit, Sarasvatarisht, Brahmivati.

8. CHANDAN

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Santalum album Linn
2.	Family	Santalaceae
3.	Actual Ingredients	Essential oil (1.5-6%)
4.	Distribution	A small evergreen tree, distributed in dry scrub forests of Salem, Mysore, Coorg, Coimbatore, Nilgiris upto 900 m. altitude. Also reported to be found in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu.
5.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Local type
	ii.Propagation methods and planting time	By seed and grafting. Seedlings are raised in polythene bags and plants during rainy season.
	iii.Ferilizer dozes	20t FYM/ha. Fertilizer requirement not yet worked out.
	iv. Irrigation schedule	Rainfed
	v.Diseases, pests and their control	Spike disease is common which is caused by mycoplasma. Under severe infection, the whole plant dies. Jassids (Pentacephala nigrilines), Fulgoroides and sandal wood beetle are important insects reported to cause considerable loss.
6.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Alphasantalal, beta santalol and alphs and beta santalene are the main constituents in the oil.
7.	Post Harvest Management	Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years. The soft wood is first removed, the hard wood is chipped and then converted into powder in a mill. The powder is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distilled. Distillation takes place in 48 hours. The oil is rectified by redistillation and filtration.
8.	Internal consumption and export potential	Export of sandal wood chips and oil and dust was 552.2 and 29.5 t respectively during 1995-96. Besides our internal consumption in cosmetics and perfumery industries is also high.
9.	Action and use	Antiphlogistic, antiseptic, cooling and styptic. The wood round up with water into a fine parts is commonly applied to local infammations, to the temples in fever and to skin diseases to allay heat and pruritus. It is internally administered in cystitis, gonorrhoea, haemorrhagia, urinary disorders and gleet.
10.	Compound Preparations	Chandanasava.

9. CHIRATA

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Swertia chirata syn. S.Chirata Buch – Ham.
2.	Family	Gentianaceae
3.	Use Plant part Actual Ingredients	Whole plant used Alkaloids
4.	Habit and Habitat	An erect herb, found in temperate Himalayas between 1300-3000 m. from Kashmir to Bhutan and Khasia hills. It is scarcely available in the market and generally substituted by Andrograpis paniculata Nees or other species of Swertia.
5.	Cultural Practices i. Propagation methods and planting time	Propagated by seeds. The seeds are sown in the nursery and then seedlings are transplanted in the field.
	ii.Fertilizer doses	FYM is ideal for these plants
	iii.Disease	Some species of this genus are reported to serve as alternate host of blister rust of Pinus.
6.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingradients)	Plant contains alkaloids – gentianine, gentiocrucine, enicoflaving, swer – chirin. Plant is antiinflammatory, swerchirin – antimalarial, hypoglycaemic.
7.	Post Harvest Management	Drying of plants
8.	Internal consumption and export potential	Huge demand in ISM and was imported at a tune of 58.22 t valued at Rs.14.61 lakhs in 1995-96.
9.	Action and uses	Bitter, tonic, stomachic, laxative, febrifuge. Used in anorexia, biliary disorders, cough, constipation, fevers, skin diseases, worms.
10.	Compound Preparation	Kiratadi Kwath, Sudarshan Churna.

10. GILOE

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Tinospora cordifolia wild miers, ex hook
2.	Family	Meninspermaceae
3.	Local Name	Giloe
4.	Habit & Habitat	A large, glabrous, deciduous climbing shrub found throughout tropical India. Ascending to an altitude of 300 m. Stem rather succulent with long filiform flesh aerial roots from the branches. Bark gray-brown or creamy white. Leaves membranous, cordate with a broad sinus. Flowers small, yellow or greenish yellow, appearing when the plant is leafless. Drupes ovoid, glossy, succulent, red. Seed curved.
5.	Propagation	The Plant is sometimes cultivated as ornamental & propagated by cuttings.
6.	Utilisation	The plant is used in general debilities, dyspepsia, fever & urinary disease. The leaves are good as fodder for cattle and rich in proteins and fairly in calcium and phosphorous. A decoction of the leaves is used for the treatment of gout. The young leaves bruised in milk, are used as a liniment in erysipeals. The leaves are beaten with honey and applied to ulcers. Dried & powdered fruit mixed with ghee or honey is used as a tonic and also in the treatment of Jaundice and rheumatism. The root is a powerful emetic and used for visceral obstructions. Its watery extract is used in leprosy.
7.	Plant part used	Stem and Leaves
8.	Active Ingredients	Alkaloid
9.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones Released/identified ii.Propagation methods and planting time	Locally grown Stem cuttings. Planting time is rainy season.
	iii.Crop duration	Perennial
10.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Tinosporon, Tinosporic acid, Tinosporol, Giloin, gilonin, berberine, cordifol, Tinosporidine.
11.	Post Harvest Management	The stem and leaves are harvested and dried in sun.
12.	Internal consumption & export potential	Mostly consumed by Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals
13.	Action	Rejuvinator, astringent, antipyretic, blood purifier and curative of dermatosis.
14.	Uses	General debility, pyrexia, skin diseases, gout, rheumatic arthrites and spure.

11. GUGGAL

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Commiphora wightii (Arn) Bhandari
2.	Family	Burseraceae
3.	Yield Plant Part Actual Ingredients	700-900 g gum per plant Tree yield an oliogum-resin-guggulipid
4.	Habit and Habitat	A shrub or small tree, reported to be found in Karnataka, Rajasthan, Deccan and Gujarat.
5.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified ii.Propagation methods iii.Fertilizer doses iv.Irrigation Schedule v.Diseases, pests and their controlq	Local types Plants raised (about 80% success) by cutting. Application of 5 kg FYM and 25-50 gm urea per bush per year. Require moderate irrigation Plants are affected by white ants, Cercospora leaf spot and bacterial leaf blight. Control: Pits are filled with FYM and treated with BHC or aldrin to protect the new plants from white ants.
6.	Harvesting and yield	Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they are ready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark between December and March.
7.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Gum resin contains guggulsteraes Z and E guggulsterols, two diterpenoids – a terpene, hydrocarbon named cembrne A and B, a cliterpene – alcohol – mukulol 3 camphorone and cambrene
8.	Action and uses	Carminative, antispasmodic, disphoretic, ecbolic, antisuppurative, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue. Gum resin is commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
9.	Compound Preparations	Yogarajaguggulu, Kaishoreguggulu, Chandraprabha vati.
10.	Marketing	Gum – resin is in great demand.

12. INDIAN BARBERY

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Berberis aristata DC
2.	Family	Berberidaceae
3.	Local Name	Chitra, Rasaut
4.	Habit & Habitat	An erect spinous shrub, 2 – 6 m. high, often forming gregarious patches, pale yellowish-brown bark, closely and rather deeply furrowed. Flowers are golden-yellow. It occurs in the Himalayas between 2000 – 3000 m & also in Nilgiri Hills.
5.	Plant part used	Root bark, stem, wood fruit.
6.	Actual Ingradients	Barberine
7.	Important States	Assam, Bihar and Himalayan Region
8.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones Released/identified	Local clones
9.	Propagotion	Propogation is from seeds, self sown in nature. Seedlings or cuttings can be taken during spring season after the berries are over. Layering is also recommended since the cuttings present some difficulties.
10.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Barberine (alkaloid)
11.	Post Harvest Management	Drying of barks
12.	Utilisation	The use of the roots as a source of Rasaut has been referred to. The dried berries are edible. The root bark is rich in alkaloidal content. Berberine, the principal alkaloid can be easily obtained from the roots in the form of its salts. Rasaut, mixed with butter and alum, or with opium & lime-juice & painted over the eyelids as a useful house-hold remedy in acute conjuctivities and in chronic ophthalkmia. A yellow dye is obtained from root and the stem. The berberry dye has been largely used in tanning & colouring of leather.
13.	Action and uses	Stomachic, astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, diaphoretic, antiphyretic, alerative, purgative. Used in menorrhagia, diarrhoea, jaundice, skin diseases, malarial fever.
14.	Compound Preparations	Darvyadi Kwath, Darvyadi leha, Darvyadi taila.

13. ISABGOL

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Plantago Ovata Forsk
2.	Family	Plantaginaceae
3.	Habit and Habitat	A herb found in Punjab plains and low hills from Sutlej westwards, Sindh and Baluchistan.
4.	Area under cultivation	50000 ha
5.	Production in tonnes	48000 t of seeds
6.	Yield Plant part	Seeds 900-1500 kg/ha, Husk-225-375 kg/ha
7.	Cultural Practices
	i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	RI-87, RI-89, AMB-2, GI-1, GI-2, MI-4, MIB-121, HI-34, HI-2, HI-1, HI-5, NIHARIKA
	ii. Propagation methods and planting time	By seeds Mid October to Mid December
	iii. Fertilizers doses	N:P 50:25 kg/ha (25 kg of N + full P as basal dose 25 Kg N as top dressing 35 DAS)
	iv.Irrigation schedule	3 to 6 irrigations, Presowing, after sowing, Seedling stage, Spike formation stage, Flowering stage, Seed development stage depending upon the soil type and agro climatic condition.
	v. Diseases, pests and their control	Downy mildew and Powdery mildew: Dithane M-45 or Dithane Z-78 @ 2.0 to 2.5 g/lit or Bordeaux mixture 6:3:100 for downy mildew and Karathane W.D. (0.2%) for Powdery mildew 6:3:100 for downy mildew, Karathane W.D (0.2%) for Powdery mildew. Wilt : Wilt disease is also observed which can be controlled by seed treatment with Bavistin or Benlate 2.5g/kg of seed. Sucking type of pests (Aphid) attach the crop. Spraying with Endosulfan @ 0.5% or Dimethodate @ 0.2% at fortnighty interval can control the aphids.
8.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Protein, polysaccharides, cellulose, pectin, oil, muscilage.
9.	Post Harvest Management	Crop matures during March-April (110-130 days). It should be harvested when atmosphere is dry. Harvested plants spread over and after 2 days they are threshed with tractor/bullocks. Pinkish type husk are removed from the seed coat by processing through a series of grinding in mills to separate husk.
10.	Cost of cultivation	Cost of Cultivation = Rs.19320/ha
11	Internal consumption and export potential	Isabgol seed 17,680.63 tonnes valued at Rs.14,069.78 lakhs and husk 2580.29 tonnes valued at Rs.1663.73 lakhs exported during the period from April – October, 1997-98. Besides our internal consumption is also quite high.
12.	Action and uses	Demulcent, cooling, diuretic; used in inflammatory conditions of the mucous membrane of gastro intestinal and genitourinary tracts, in chronic dysentery, diarrhoea and constipation.
13.	Parts used	Seeds and seek husk. Used as single drug for cure of constipation and Dysentery.
14.	Any other remarks	This crop has good export potential and can be exploited commercially

14. JATAMANSI

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Nardostachys jatamansi De
2.	Family	Valerianaceae
3.	Habit and Habitat	An erect perennial herb with long, stout, woody rootstock; found in alpine Himalayas at 3500-5000 m. extending eastwards to Sikkim and Bhutan. The species is vulnerable.
4.	Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients	Rhizome (1290 kg/ha) Valeopotriate and Essential Oil
5.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Dalhouse clones
	ii.Propagation methods and planting time	Seeds and Roots. Seed nursery preparation in July/Aug. Transplating after 6 – 8 weeks (April/May)
	iii.Fertilizer doses	60:20:40 NPK
	iv.Irringation schedule	One irrigation soon after sowing and 2-3 irrigations during rain free condition.
	v.Dieseases, pests and their control	No serious pests and diseases.
5.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Volatile essential oil 0.5% (Valeopotriates and Valerian oil)
6.	Post Harvest Management	Harvested roots washed and dried in shade condition.
7.	Cost of cultivation (Cost : benefit ratio)	Not commercially cultivated
8.	Action and uses	Aromatic, bitter, tonic, antispasmodic, deobstruent, stimulant, antiseptic, diuretic, emmenagogue. Used in epilepsy, hysteria, chorea, convulsions, palpitation of heart, mental disorders, insomnia.
9.	Parts used	Root-stock
10.	Compound Preparations	Mansyadi Kwath
11.	Any other remarks	Crop is not under regular cultivation, so there is a rapid depletion of the plant from its natural sources. Quality degradation under storage is reported.

15. KALMEGH

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Andrographis paniculata
2.	Family	Acanthaceae
3.	Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients	Panchang (Stem, leaf, flower, seed and root) Kalmeghin Andrographolide (0.8-2.%%). Leaves contains maximum while stem contains minimum amount.
4.	Habit and Habitat	A small herb found throughout India in plains of Himachal Pradesh to Assam, Mizoram, Gujrat, Bihar and South India.
5.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Local clones. There is no named variety.
	ii.Propagation methods and Planting timde	Propagated by seed and cuttings. Seedlings/plantlets raised in nursery in Iast week of July.
	iii.Fertilizer doses	Poultry manure or FYM 10 t/ha, Castor cake 2 t/ha, 75 Kg N, 75 Kg P₂O_5.
	iv.Irrigation schedule	Kharif season crop. If rain is inadequate then 2-9 irrigations are given.
6.	Post Harvest Management	Crop duration 90-100 days. Harvesting is done in end of October and 1^st week of November. Harvest should be spread over on the floor and it should be covered at night to protect from dew. One week drying under shade is required. Average yield 2-2.5 t/ha dry herb.
7.	Cost of cultivation Gross return Net return	Rs.10,000/ha Rs.43,000/ha Rs.33,000/ha
8.	Internal consumption and export potential	Ayurvedic formulations for debility, chronic malaria, jaundice, anemia and loss of apetite. Andrographis preparations in different potencies for Homeopathic medicines.

16. KATKI

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Picrohiza Kurroa Royle ex Benth
2.	Family	Scrophulariacae
3.	Habit and Habitat	A perennial herb, found in Alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at altitudes of 2700 – 4500 m.
4.	Cultural Practices Propagation methods	Through seeds and rhizome
5.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Bitter glucoside Kutkin (3.4%), Kurrin, (0.5%), Vanillic acid (0.1%).
6.	Post Harvest Management	Drying
7.	Action and uses	Bitter tonic, antiperiodic, cholagogue, stomachic. Used in dyspepsia, fever, diseases of liver & spleen including jaundice, anaemia, scorpion stings and in purgative preparations.
8.	Parts used	Root and rhizome
9.	Compound Preparations	Arogyavardhani, Katukadya lauha, Tikkadi Kwath, Tiktadighrita
10.	Internal consumption and export potential	Limited internal consumption
11.	Any other remarks	Threatened perennial herb but can be domesticated and cultivated.

17. KOKUM

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Garcinia indica Linnacus
2.	Family	Clusiaceae
3.	Habit and Habitat	Frequent in evergreen and deciduous forests along the coasts on winward side of Western Ghats to 400 m.
4.	Area under cultivation Production	1200/ha 10200 t
5.	Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients	Ripe Fruit, 8.5 t/ha Hydroxy Citric Acid (HCA) Cambogin & Camboginol
6.	Distribution	A tree found in Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, South Gujarat, Assam and West Bengal.
7.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Konkan Amrita and local types
	ii.Propagation methods and planting time	By soft wood grafting, July – August
	iii.Fertilizer doses	20 Kg FYM + 500 gm N + 250 gm P₂O_{5 .}
	iv.Irrigation schedule	Normally grown as rainfed crop. Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue for grown up orchards.
	v. Disease and Pests	Hardy crop. No major disease and pests. Leaf minor and pink disease sometime occurs which can be easily controlled.
8.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Arabin, essential oil, resin, tartaric, citric and phosporic acids, Hydroxy citric Acid.
9.	Post Harvest Management	Harvesting in March to April. Drying of fruits and bark
10.	Cost of cultivation Net return	Rs.13000/ha Rs.34300/ha 1:1:37
11.	Internal consumption and export potential	Fruit mainly used for preparation of value added products like Kokum syrup, dried kokum rind etc. which are consumed within the country. However, kokum seed fat is exported to Netherlands, Italy, Japan, Singapore, U.K and Malaysia. Good export potential.
12.	Any other remarks	Hardy rainfed crop in coastal tropical region in the country. Crop has outs- standing medicinal properties (acidulent, dyscentry, pains, heart problems etc.) and also spice quality.

18. KERTH

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Saussurea lappa
2.	Family	Compositae
3.	Area under Cultivation	About 100 ha
4.	Production	About 200 t
5.	Yield Plant part Actual ingredients	Tuberous Roots (25000–30000 Kg/ha) Essential oil (1.5%) Saussunine (0.05%)
6.	Important States	Kashmir valley (J&K) Lahaul spiti (HP) Garhwal (UP)
7.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Kashmir & Punjab types
	ii.Propagation methods and planting time	Seeds are sown in May
	iii.Irrigation schedule	5-6 irrigations between May-September.
	iv.Diseases, pests and their control	No major pests and diseases
	v.Crop duration	3 years.
8.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Essential oil (1.5%). Essential oil constituents (Aplotaxena 20%, Sesquiterpenes (60%), Saussuine alkaloid, Kushtin, Lactones, Costunolide, Palmitic Acid, Dihydrodehydrocostus, lactone, propyl acetate, lauric acid.
9.	Post Harvest Management	Economical yield is obtained from 3 year old crop. Root is harvested in early spring. The roots are cleaned with water and dried for processing.
10.	Cost of cultivation (Cost : benefit ratio)	1:3.2 (in 3 years) Cost of cultivation : Rs.14,000/- Gross income : Rs. 45,000/-
11.	Internal consumption and export potential	Exported to China, Japan, Italy and France. Internal consumption is limited.

19. LIQORICE

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn
2.	Family	Papilionaceae
3.	Habit and Habitat	A herb, reported to be found in sub-Himalayan tracts. Most of the requirenment of Pharmaceutical industries is met by import only. Recently introduced in Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana.
4.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Haryana Mulhati No.1 (HM No.1) EC-111236, EC-124587, EC-21950
	ii.Propagation methods and planting time	By root cuttings February-March or July-August
	iii.Fertilizer doses	10 t FYM/ha applied at the time of planting Chemical fertilizers: N 80 kg (40 kg basal dose + 20 kg each at 2^nd + 3^rd year), P₂O₅– 40 kg/ha and K₂O 20 kg/ha.
	iv.Irrigation schedule	At 30-45 days intervals in summer or in dry season, 7-8 irrigations are needed.
	v. Diseases, pests and their control Disease Causal name Organism --------------- ---------------------Leaf spot Cercospora Root rot Rhizoctonia Collor rot batalicola Selerotium sps Wilting Fusarium sps Leaf spot Alternaria tenius	Control ------------------------------------------------ i) Dithane M-45 or Dithane Z – 78 @ 0.2%. ii) Bavistine (0.1%) followed by Daltan 0.3%. Bavistin or benlate before planting Aerial portion should be cut and destroyed. Carbonxazin 0.5% Bilitox 0.2%, 3-4 times at an interval of 6 days after appearance of disease symptoms.
	Pests: Attack of terminate has Observed in light soils
	vi. Crop duration	2.5 to 3 year
5.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Glycyrrhizin (12-15%), Flavonoids (Apioliquiretin, liquiritin, Apiossliquiritin, Isoliquiritin, monin, liquisitigenin, Glycycocernarin, Glycysol and Glycyrin).
6.	Post Harvest Management	After digging the roots in September, left in the field for sun drying, later the roots are sorted out and cleaned. Dry roots stored in polythene lined bags.
7.	Action and uses	Laxative, demulcent, emllkient, tonics, aphrodisiac. Used in sore throat, cough, genitourinary diseases, anorexia, asthma, persistent low fever.
8.	Compound Preparations	Yashtyadi churna, Yashtyadi Kwath, Yashtimadhwadya tails.
9.	Internal consumption and export potential	It is imported (about 5,000 to 10,000 of dry roots annually) from Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq.
10.	Any other remarks	Cultivatrion not yet popularised.

20. LONG PEPPER

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Long Pepper (Piper longum Linn)
2.	Family	Piperaceae
3.	Habit and Habitat	A slender climber with perennial woody roots, found in hotter parts of India with humid damp climate, viz., Western ghats, central Himalayas to Assam, Khasi and Mikir hills and lower hills of Bengal
4.	Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients	Dry spike 650-700 kg/year/ha Root yield 500 kg/ha Piperine (4.5%) Essential oil 0.7%)
5.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Cheemathipali, Viswam
	ii.Propagation methods and planting time	Rooted vine cuttings and suckers. Soon after the onset of monsoon
	iii.Fertilizer doses	Mostly grown as an under crop on residual fertility. 20 t FYM/ha. Application of inorganic fertilizers are not yet reported.
	iv.Irrigation schedule	During summer, one irrigation/week. Sprinkler irrigation is also beneficial.
	v. Diseases, pests and their control	Leaf and vine rot & necrotic spots and blights on leaves (1% spray of Bordeaux mixture). Mealy bug attack (any systemic insecticides). Adults and nymphs of Helopeltis theivora attack (neems seed kernel extract @ 0.25%).
6.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Piperine and Piplartin
7.	Post Harvest Management	The first harvest from vines is available after six months of planting. Spike are ready for harvest after two months of formation. Harvested spikes and roots are sundried and stored in moisture proof bags. The produce fetches price according to the grade.
8.	Action and uses	Alterative, tonic, sedative, vermifuge, cholagogue, emmenagogue. Used in cough, cold, chronic bronchitis, palsy, gout, rheumatism, lumbago, insomnia, epilepsy, asthma, amorexia, piles, dyspepsia, leucoderma.
9.	Compound Preparations	Gudapippali, Pippalikhanda, Pipalyasva.
10.	Internal consumption and export potential	Huge internal consumption. 558.31 t imported in 1995-96 valued at Rs.76.92 lakhs and 38.523 t exported in 1995-96 valued at Rs.17.02 lakhs.

21. MADHUNASHINI

1.	Name of the Medicinal Plant	Gymnema Sylvestre R. Br
2.	Family	Asclepiadaceae
3.	Plant parts used	Leave and roots
4.	Habit and Habitat	A perennial climber found in Western Ghats, Konkan, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh.
5.	Cultural Practices i. Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Local clones
	ii.Propagation methods and planting time	By cutting in rainy season
	iii.Fertilizer doses	10 g Nitrogen 6 5 g Phosphorous/vine
6.	Biochemical Analysis (Active ingredients)	Gymnemic acid, Quercitol, Lupeol, B-amyrin, Stigmasterol
7.	Harvesting	After one year leaves are ready for harvesting
8.	Harvesting period	September to February
9.	Post Harvest Management	Drying of leaves and roots
10.	Action and uses	Astringent, stomachic, tonic, refrigerant, antidiabetic. Leaves have a peculiar property neutralising temporarily the taste sensation for sugar and used in diabetis.
11.	Uses	Diabetes, Liver disorders, cardiac Amenorrhoea, Sec. Amenorrhoea, Cough and Asthma
12.	Compound Preparations	Sarivadyasava, Sarivadyavaleha, Sarivadi Kwath, Sarivadi vati.

22. SATAVARI

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Asparagus racemosus Willd
2.	Family	Liliaceae
3.	Habit and Habitat	A climber found almost all over India
4.	Yield Plant Actual Ingredients	Tuberous roots (100-150 q/ha 3^rd year). Saponin
5.	Cultural Practices i. Varieties/Types/Clones ii.Propagation methods and planting time	Local clones By seeds/adventitious roots March-April (Sowing) July-August (Transplanting)
6.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Shatavarin I, II, III and IV (Roots) Quercetin, rutin and Hyperoside (Flowers and fruits) Diosgenin and Quercetin – 3 Glucuronide (Leaves)
7.	Post Harvest Management	Tuberious roots are ready for harvesting in 3^rd year. After harvesting, roots (tuberous) are washed and dried in sun for making of powder.
8.	Action and uses	Antidiarrhoetic, refrigerant, antidysenteric, diuretic, demulcent, nutritive tonic, galactagogue, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic. Used in consumption, epilepsy, diarrhoea, blood dysentery, haemophilic disorders, swellings.
9.	Parts used	Root
10.	Compound Preparations	Shatavari ghrita, Naraina taila, Vishnu Tails, Shatmulyadi lauha, Shatavari panaka.

23. SHANKAPUSHPI

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Convolvulus pluricaulis
2.	Family	Convolvulaceae
3.	Distribution	A prostrate perennial herb found all over India, in Lalitpur district found in Talbehat, Meharauni and Lalitpur forest ranges. Present day availability is very low, approximately 50 – 60 quintal per year.
4.	Part used	Whole plant
5.	Soil type	Sandy loams, Block cotton soils Red sandy soils; PH 5.5 to 7. It is also grown in marginal lands with good drainage and some organic matter applied to the soil.
6.	Rainfall	800 mm – 1200 mm
7.	Field preparation	Deep ploughing in the month of May and is allowed to weather. 15 tons per hectare farm yard manure is spread out in the field during June before rains. After FYM applied and after on set of monsoons second ploughing is done followed by two cross harrowing. The land is finally divided in to small blocks.
8.	Sowing	The seeds are broadcast mixing with sand or Line sowing 30 cm x 30 cm also done. After sowing light top dressing of FYM is given. Very light watering is done. Seedlings appear within 30 days.
9.	Weeding & Hoeing	Generally two weedings & hoeing are given within 40 – 50 days.l
10.	Harvesting	Plants get flowers in October and seeds developed in December. Crop harvesting period is January to May. Whole plant is dried in shade and is stored for marketing.
11.	Biochemical analysis (active ingredients	Alkaloids, Sankhpuspine
12.	Action	Intellect promoting, nervine tonic, Expectrorant, Anti-leprotic, Refrigerant
13.	Uses	Insomnia, Insanity and Epilepsy, Cough, Skin disorders, Hyperpyrexia, General debility

24. SAFED MUSLI

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Chlorophytum borivillanum
2.	Family	Liliaceae
3.	Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients	Tuberous roots (1000 kg/ha) Saponin 2-4%
4.	Distribution	Southern Rajasthan, Western M.P and North Gujarat
5.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	Selections viz. RC-2, RC-16, RC-36, RC-20, RC-23. RC-37 have been collected and maintained at RAU, Udaipur
	ii.Propagationn methods and planting time	By seed and by tuberous roots, second week of June
	iii.Fertilizer doses	No chemical fertilizer tested on thir crop. 10-15 t FYM/ha provides good nutrient status for heatlhy growth.
	iv. Irrigation schedule	First irrigation immediately after planting. If there is no rainfall, then irrigation may be done after 10-15 days interval.
	v.Diseases, pests and their control a)Rotting of root during storage b) Chlorosis in foilage	Infection of Aspergillus sps and Fusarium sps. Control : Treatment with thiram and captan at 4.0 g/kg of roots reduced rotting during storage. This may be due to Iron defiency.
	vi.Crop duration	90-110 days
6.	Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients)	Carbohydrates 39.10% - 42% Protein 0.5% Saponin 2% - 4% Root fiber 3% - 5%
7.	Post Harvest Management	Harvested roots are spread in the shade for about 4-7 days. Later, fleshy roots separated from the bunches. Slight pressure exerted by thumb and finger on the skin of root so that they get separated and milky white root come out. It should be cleaned and dried for 7-10 days.
8.	Cost of cultivation (Cost : benefit ratio)	Cost of cultivation = Rs.22,000/- Gross return = Rs.65,000/- Cost benefit ratio = 1:2:95
9.	Internal consumption and export potential	Mainly consumed in herbal based pharmaceutical industries. It has large and consistent market demand in the country and current projection of the annual demand is estimated between 300-500 t.
10.	Any other remarks	Safed musli is a well known tonic and a aphrodiasic drug given to cure general debility and extensively used in Ayurvedic medicines. Still major requirements of the parmaceutical industries is fulfilled through collection from the forest, thus it has become threatened species in India. Effort should be made for its regular cultivation to fulfil the growing demand.

25. SENNA

1.	Name of Medicinal Plant	Cassia angustifolia vahi
2.	Family	Caesalpinaceae
3.	Area under cultivation	25000 ha.
4.	Production	Leaves 22500 t and Pods 7500 t.
5.	Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients	Leaves 1500-2000 kg/ha and pods 700-1000 kg/ha (Immature) Sennosides (2.5% in leaf; 3.5-4% in poda)
6.	Important States	Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Delhi
7.	Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified	ALFT-2, Tinneyvalley senna and Sona.
	ii.Propagation methods and planting time 1	By seed, September-October in Tamilnadu. June – July in Western India.
	iii.Fertilizer doses	80 kg of N: 40 kg of P2o5: 20 Kg K2O/ ha. Nitrogen in 4 equal splits (sowing, 30 days thinning stage, after first and second harvest).
	iv.Irrigation schedule	At sowing and thinning stage.
	v.Diseases, pests and their control	Diseases a).N.W India – Damping off at seedling stage caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola. Control – Thiram or Captan 2.5g/kg b) Dry rot caused by Macrophomina phaseoli c)Leaf spot caused by Phyllosticta spp. And Cercospora sp. Control – 0.5% Diathene M-45. Pests Green leaf eating caterpillar Pod borer (0.05% Endosulfan or 0.25% Carbaryl).
	vi. Crop duration	130-150 days
8.	Biochemical analysis (Active Ingredients)	Sennosides, A, B, C, D rhein, aloe-amine, Kaempferein and Iso-rhein in free and compound/glycoside forms.
9.	Post harvest Management	Shade drying for 3-5 days to bring down to 8% moisture level and light green to greeish yellow colour is preferred.
10.	Action and uses	Laxative, purgative. Used in constipation.
11.	Compound Preparations	Yashtyadi churna, Shataskar churna.

AONLA	CHANDAN	KALMEGH	SATAVARI
ASWAHAGANDHA	CHIRATA	KATKI	SHANKAPUSHPI
ASHOKA	GILOE	KOKUM	SAFED MUSLI
ATIS	GUGGAL	KERTH	SENNA
BAIBERANG	INDIAN BARBERY	LIQORICE
BAEL	ISABGOL	LONG PEPPER
BRAHMI	JATAMANSI	MADHUNASHINI