AONLA | CHANDAN | KALMEGH | SATAVARI |
ASWAHAGANDHA | CHIRATA | KATKI | SHANKAPUSHPI |
ASHOKA | GILOE | KOKUM | SAFED MUSLI |
ATIS | GUGGAL | KERTH | SENNA |
BAIBERANG | INDIAN BARBERY | LIQORICE | |
BAEL | ISABGOL | LONG PEPPER | |
BRAHMI | JATAMANSI | MADHUNASHINI |
1. AONLA
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Emblica officinalis Gaertn | |
2. | Family | Euphorbiaceae A deciduous tree, found in deciduous forests of the country upto 1350 m. on hills. Often cultivated. | |
3. | Area | 1300 ha | |
4. | Production | 88200 t | |
5. | Important States | UP, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra | |
6. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Banarasi, Chakaiya, Francis, Kanchan, Krishna, Balwant, NA-6, NA-7, NA-9, Anand-2 and BS-1. | |
ii. Propagation methods and planting time | Modified ring, patch and shield budding as well as soft
wood grafting. June to August | ||
iii.Fertilizer dozes | 1000 gm N, 500 gm P2O2 and 750 gm K 2O per plant/year. The fertilizer should be given in two split doses viz. Sep Oct and April May. | ||
iv.Irrigation schedule | Irrigation to young plantation at 10 days interval during the summer. To fruit bearing plantations, first irrigation should be given just after manuring and fertilization and then at 15 days intervals after fruit set (April) till onset of monsoon. Avoid irrigation during flowering period. | ||
v. Diseases, pests and their control: | Diseases/causitive/Organism/agent
------------------------------ Aonla rust (Ravenellia emblica) Fruit rot (Pencillum islandlium) Necrosis (Boron Deficiency) Bark eating caterpillar (Inderbela tetraonis) Shoot gall maker (Betousa stylophora) Aphid (Cerciaphis emblica) Scale insect Anar butterfly (Virachola isocrates) | Control measures ------------------------------- Spray (twice) Dithane Z 78(0.2%) during July- September. Treating the fruits with Nacl solutions. Spray of 0.5% - 0.6% borax in SeptOctober Months. Injecting kerosene oil/ Dichlorovols or Endo- Sulfan (0.05%) in holes and plugging with mud Galled twigs should be pruned. Spray of 0.05% monocrotophos during rainy season Spraying of dimethoate @ 0.03% Application of mono- Crotophos @ 0.05% Remove and destroy all the affected fruits. | |
7. | Planting time i) Rainy season ii) Spring season | July to September Mid of January to March | |
8. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | The fruit is rich source of vitamins and minerals. High vitamin C content (750-850 mg/100 gram pulp) | |
9. | Post Harvest Management | Different varieties mature at different period e.g Chakaiya
(January), Banarasi (October end), Krishna (December) and
Francis (mid November December). Large size fruits (4 cm. &
above) free from blemishes are used for preserve, candy and
pickle. Small sized fruits are used for chavanprash making and
defective fruits are used for Trifala making. Generally, basket for
pigeon pea stem and gunny bag of 40-50 kg capacity with
newspaper as liners are used for packing of aonla fruits.
However, wooden crate with polythene lines is most suitable for
packing and long distance transportation. Aonla fruits can be stored upto 15-20 days at low temperature (10-15o C). However Chakaiya can be stored upto 45 and 75 days in 10% and 15% salt solution respectively without any decay. | |
10. | Cost of Cultivation | Cost benefit ratio is 1:4. Pay back period is six years. | |
11. | Internal consumption and export potential | Export potential yet to be exploited. Huge internal demand in ISM. | |
12. | Action and uses | Aperient, aphrodisiac, astringent, digestive, diuretic, laxative, refrigerant and tonic. Useful in anaemia, jaundice, dyspepcia, haemorrhagic disorders, bilionsness, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis. An Ayurvedic preparation Chyavanprasha is very much valued for its restorative action | |
13. | Compound Preparations | Chyavanprasha, Dhatri Lauha, Amalki Rasayana. |
2. ASWAHAGANDHA
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Withania somnifera Dunal |
2. | Family | Solanaceae |
3. | Yield Plant Part | 300-400 kg roots/ha + 50-75 kg seeds/ ha |
4. | Actual Ingredients | Withaferin, Anaferin, Tropine and many other Alkaloides and Steriodes |
5. | Important States | Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan |
6. | Cultural Practices i)Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Jawahar Asgandh 20, Jawahar Asgandh 134 and Rakshita |
ii)Propagation methods and planting time | Direct sowing of seeds (Broadcasting) Planting time in 3rd week of August to September. | |
iii) Fertilizer doges | The crop is mainly grown on residual fertility. Hence, no fertilizers applied | |
iv) Irrigation schedule | Rainfed | |
iv) Diseases, pests and their control | Major disease is damping off, seedling rotting, seedling blight. Seed treatment with Captan 3 g/kg seed is recommended. | |
7. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Alkaloids and Steroids |
8. | Post Harvest Management | The crop is ready in six month, harvesting starts from January and continues upto March. Average yield 400-500 kg of root and 50 kg seed/ha. Cleaning, drying and grading of roots. |
9. | Cost of cultivation (Cost : benefit ratio) | About Rs.1000/ha and gross return about Rs.2800 (CB ratio 1:2:8) |
10. | Internal consumption and export potential | Huge internal consumption also being exported. |
11. | Any other remarks | Immunomodulator/Rasayan drug, general tonic in arthritis. |
12. | Action and uses | Alterative, aphrodisiac, tonic, deobstruent, diuretic, narcotic, abortifacient. Used in rheumatism, consumption , debility from old age. |
13. | Parts used | Root |
14. | Compound preparation | Ashwagandhadi churna, Ashwagandha rasayana, Ashwagandha Ghrit, Ashwagandharishta |
3. ASHOKA
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Saraca asoca (roxb.) Dc Wild. |
2. | Family | Leguminosae |
3. | Local Name | Ashoka |
4. | Habit and Habitat | A small evergreen tree 6-9 m. high, found wild along steams or in the shade of evergreen forests. It occurs almost throughout India up to an altitude of 720 m in the Centre and Eastern Himalayas & khasi, Garo & Lushai hills. It is also found in the Andaman islands. Leaves pari-pinnate, 15-20 cm long, leaflets 6-12, oblong, lanceolate, flowers organe or orange-yellow, very fragrant, pods flat, leathery, seeds 4-8, ellipsoid-oblong. |
5. | Important Habitat | Himalayas, Bengal and Western Peninsula. |
6. | Cultural Practices i.Propagation methods and planting time ii.Irrigation Schedule | Seeds. Seedlings are raised and planted in rainy
season Rainfed |
7. | Biochemical analysis (Active Ingredients) | Haematoxylin, tannins and glycoside, leucopelargonidin and leucoeyanidin have been extracted from the barks |
8. | Post Harvest Management | Bark is removed and sun dried for use in preparation of various herbal medicines. |
9. | Utilisation | The bark is reported to stimulate the uterus, making the contractions more frequent and prolonged without producing tonic contraction as in the case of pituitary ergot. It is also reported to cure biliousness dyspepsia, dysentery, colic, piles and pimples. Leaves possess blood purifying properties. Flowers used in dysentery and diabetes. |
10. | Plant used | Bark |
11. | Actual Ingredients | Tannin and Catechol |
12. | Internal consumption and export potential | Internal consumption is quite high in pharmaceutical industries. Good export potential |
13. | Action and uses | Astringent, used in menorrhagia and uterine affections, internal bleeding, bleeding haemorrhoids and haemorrhagic dysentry. |
14. | Compound Preparations | Ashokarishta, Ashokaghrita |
4.ATIS
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Aconitum heterophyllum Wall |
2. | Family | Ranunculaceae |
3. | Use of Plant Part Actual Ingredients | Root Alkaloids (atisine 0.4%) |
4. | Important Habitats | Common in Alpine and subalpine zone of the Himalayas from Indus to Kumaon from 6000 to 15000 ft. from the sea level. |
5. | Cultural Practices | Local clones Propagation through seeds in rainy season |
6. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Root alkaloids: hetrophylsive, hetrophylline and hetrophyllidine, heteratisine, artisine, altidine, F dihydroatisine, Isatisine, Hetisine, Hetidines and Hetisinone. |
7. | Post Harvest Management | Roots are dried and powdered |
8. | Cost of cultivation | Not exploited commercially. |
9. | Internal consumption and exports | Roots are exported |
10. | Action and Uses | Antipyretic, antiperiodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, tonic. Used in diarrhoea, indigestion, cough, troubles during dentition in children. |
11. | Compound Preparations | Balachaturbhadra, Ativishadi Churna |
5. BAIBERANG
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Embelia ribes Burm. F |
2. | Family | Myrsinaceae |
3. | Habit and Habitat | A scandant shrub, reported to be distributed in the hilly parts of India, Assam and Tamil Nadu upto to 1700 m. |
4. | Plant Part used | Fruits |
5. | Actual Ingredients | Embelin (2.5-3.1%) |
6. | Cultural Practices i)Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Local types |
ii)Propagation methods and planting time | Seeds are sown in rainy season | |
7. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients | Embelin, raponone, homoembelin and homorapanone, quercitol, christembine. |
8. | Post Harvest Management | Fully mature fruits are harvested and dried in sun. |
9. | Action and uses | Anthelmintic, alterative, astringent, carminative, stimulant and tonic. Used in colic, constipation, flatulence and worms. |
10. | Compound Preparations | Vidangadi churna, Vidanga lauha, Vidanga taila. |
6. BAEL
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Aegle marmelos L.Corr. |
2. | Family | Rutaceae |
3. | Habit and Habitat | A small or medium sized tree, distributed throughout the country. |
4. | Yield | 7500 t |
Plant Part used | Fruits and leaves (200-400 fruits/tree) | |
Actual Ingredients | Non reducing sugars, essential oil, abscisic acid and marmelosin. | |
5. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones Released/identified | Some well known types have been named according to fruit shape and locality e.g Mirzapuri, Darogaji, Ojha, Rampuri etc. Some improved selections are: NB-4, NB-5, NB-9. |
ii.Propagation methods and and planting time | Vegetative propagation by Patch budding in June-July. | |
iii.Fertilizer dose | For 8 years old and onwards trees, 80 kg FYM, 480 g N, 320 g P and 480 g K/ tree/year is recommended. | |
iv.Irrigation | In the initial years, plants require frequent irrigation. Once established, light irrigation should be given after manuring and fertilization and proper soil moisture may be maintained after fruit set. | |
v.Diseases, pests and their control | Name Control Measures ----------------------------------------------------- Bacterial shot Spray of streptomycin Hole sulphate @ 500 ppm. (Xanthomonas controls this disease. Bilvae) Fruit canker Precaution should be taken so that fruit is Not hurt during plucking Also during transporta- tion, the fruit should Be packed tightly. | |
6. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Protein (1.8%), Fat (0.39%), minerals (1.7%), Carbohydrate (31.8%), Carotena (55 mg/100 fruit), thiamine (0.13 mg/100g), riboflavin (1.190 mg/100). |
7. | Post Harvest Management | At the time of harvest, tree become leafless and fruits get completely exposed. The fruits are picked individually from the tree keeping a portion of fruit stalk. Fruits are usually packed in gunny bags, baskets or wooden crates using newspaper as cushioning material. Fruits are quite hardy and they can be stored well at ambient temperature. However, fruits can be stored for 12 weeks at 9oC. |
8. | Internal consumption and export potential | Fruits are mostly consumed in our country. Export potential to be explored. |
9. | Cost of cultivation | Cost-benefit ratio is 1:3 and pay back period is six years. |
10. | Action and uses | Aromatic, astringent, carminative, cooling, laxative, febrifuge, stomachic; used in colitis, diarrhoea, dysentery and flatulence. Root is also an ingredient of Dashmoola. |
11. | Parts used | Fruits, root bark, leaves, rind of the ripe fruit, flowers. |
12. | Compound Preparations | Bilwapanchaka Kwath, Bilwandi Churna, Dashmoola rishta, Dashmools Kwath. |
13. | Any other remarks | Presence of marmelosin in fruits has anthelminitic activity. |
7. BRAHMI
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Bacopa monnieri L |
2. | Family | Scrophulariaceae |
3. | Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients | Whole plant especially leaves (100 kg dry
herb/ha) Alkaloid, brahmine |
4. | Habit & Habitat | A small herb found throughout India upto 4000 feet. Plant an annual, creeper is mostly found near water-logged place. |
5. | Cultural Practices i. Varieties/Types/Clones Released/identified | Subodhak and Pragyashakti |
ii. Propagation methods and planting time | By runners and by seeds, In rainy season | |
iii.Fertilizer doses | 100 kg N/ha in three splits; 60 kg P205 60 kg K2O/ha at the time of planting | |
iv.Irrigation | After sowing/transplating | |
6. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Plant contains bacosides A & B, bacogenins, stigmasterol, stigmaotanol B-sitosterol. Leaves give herpestine. Monnierin is also isolated from the plant. |
7. | Post Harvest Management | Harvesting in October-November |
8. | Cost of cultivation Gross return Net return | Rs.35,000 / ha Rs.2,00,000 / ha Rs. 1,65,000 / ha |
9. | Internal consumption and export potential | Having internal and external demand. |
10. | Uses | Used as nervine tonic/memory enhancer |
11. | Compound Preparations | Brahmighrit, Sarasvatarisht, Brahmivati. |
8. CHANDAN
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Santalum album Linn |
2. | Family | Santalaceae |
3. | Actual Ingredients | Essential oil (1.5-6%) |
4. | Distribution | A small evergreen tree, distributed in dry
scrub forests of Salem, Mysore, Coorg, Coimbatore, Nilgiris upto 900 m. altitude. Also reported to be found in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu. |
5. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Local type |
ii.Propagation methods and planting time | By seed and grafting. Seedlings are raised in polythene bags and plants during rainy season. | |
iii.Ferilizer dozes | 20t FYM/ha. Fertilizer requirement not yet worked out. | |
iv. Irrigation schedule | Rainfed | |
v.Diseases, pests and their control | Spike disease is common which is caused by mycoplasma. Under severe infection, the whole plant dies. Jassids (Pentacephala nigrilines), Fulgoroides and sandal wood beetle are important insects reported to cause considerable loss. | |
6. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Alphasantalal, beta santalol and alphs and beta santalene are the main constituents in the oil. |
7. | Post Harvest Management | Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years. The soft wood is first removed, the hard wood is chipped and then converted into powder in a mill. The powder is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distilled. Distillation takes place in 48 hours. The oil is rectified by redistillation and filtration. |
8. | Internal consumption and export potential | Export of sandal wood chips and oil and dust was 552.2 and 29.5 t respectively during 1995-96. Besides our internal consumption in cosmetics and perfumery industries is also high. |
9. | Action and use | Antiphlogistic, antiseptic, cooling and styptic. The wood round up with water into a fine parts is commonly applied to local infammations, to the temples in fever and to skin diseases to allay heat and pruritus. It is internally administered in cystitis, gonorrhoea, haemorrhagia, urinary disorders and gleet. |
10. | Compound Preparations | Chandanasava. |
9. CHIRATA
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Swertia chirata
syn. S.Chirata Buch Ham. |
2. | Family | Gentianaceae |
3. | Use Plant part Actual Ingredients | Whole plant used Alkaloids |
4. | Habit and Habitat | An erect herb, found in temperate Himalayas between 1300-3000 m. from Kashmir to Bhutan and Khasia hills. It is scarcely available in the market and generally substituted by Andrograpis paniculata Nees or other species of Swertia. |
5. | Cultural Practices i. Propagation methods and planting time | Propagated by seeds. The seeds are sown in the nursery and then seedlings are transplanted in the field. |
ii.Fertilizer doses | FYM is ideal for these plants | |
iii.Disease | Some species of this genus are reported to serve as alternate host of blister rust of Pinus. | |
6. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingradients) | Plant contains alkaloids gentianine, gentiocrucine, enicoflaving, swer chirin. Plant is antiinflammatory, swerchirin antimalarial, hypoglycaemic. |
7. | Post Harvest Management | Drying of plants |
8. | Internal consumption and export potential | Huge demand in ISM and was imported at a tune of 58.22 t valued at Rs.14.61 lakhs in 1995-96. |
9. | Action and uses | Bitter, tonic, stomachic, laxative, febrifuge. Used in anorexia, biliary disorders, cough, constipation, fevers, skin diseases, worms. |
10. | Compound Preparation | Kiratadi Kwath, Sudarshan Churna. |
10. GILOE
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Tinospora cordifolia wild miers, ex hook |
2. | Family | Meninspermaceae |
3. | Local Name | Giloe |
4. | Habit & Habitat | A large, glabrous, deciduous climbing shrub found throughout tropical India. Ascending to an altitude of 300 m. Stem rather succulent with long filiform flesh aerial roots from the branches. Bark gray-brown or creamy white. Leaves membranous, cordate with a broad sinus. Flowers small, yellow or greenish yellow, appearing when the plant is leafless. Drupes ovoid, glossy, succulent, red. Seed curved. |
5. | Propagation | The Plant is sometimes cultivated as ornamental & propagated by cuttings. |
6. | Utilisation | The plant is used in general debilities,
dyspepsia, fever & urinary disease. The leaves
are good as fodder for cattle and rich in proteins
and fairly in calcium and phosphorous. A decoction of the leaves is used for the treatment of gout. The young leaves bruised in milk, are used as a liniment in erysipeals. The leaves are beaten with honey and applied to ulcers. Dried & powdered fruit mixed with ghee or honey is used as a tonic and also in the treatment of Jaundice and rheumatism. The root is a powerful emetic and used for visceral obstructions. Its watery extract is used in leprosy. |
7. | Plant part used | Stem and Leaves |
8. | Active Ingredients | Alkaloid |
9. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones Released/identified ii.Propagation methods and planting time | Locally grown Stem cuttings. Planting time is rainy season. |
iii.Crop duration | Perennial | |
10. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Tinosporon, Tinosporic acid, Tinosporol, Giloin, gilonin, berberine, cordifol, Tinosporidine. |
11. | Post Harvest Management | The stem and leaves are harvested and dried in sun. |
12. | Internal consumption & export potential | Mostly consumed by Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals |
13. | Action | Rejuvinator, astringent, antipyretic, blood purifier and curative of dermatosis. |
14. | Uses | General debility, pyrexia, skin diseases, gout, rheumatic arthrites and spure. |
11. GUGGAL
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Commiphora wightii (Arn) Bhandari |
2. | Family | Burseraceae |
3. | Yield Plant Part Actual Ingredients | 700-900 g gum per plant Tree yield an oliogum-resin-guggulipid |
4. | Habit and Habitat | A shrub or small tree, reported to be found in Karnataka, Rajasthan, Deccan and Gujarat. |
5. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified ii.Propagation methods iii.Fertilizer doses iv.Irrigation Schedule v.Diseases, pests and their controlq | Local types Plants raised (about 80% success) by cutting. Application of 5 kg FYM and 25-50 gm urea per bush per year. Require moderate irrigation Plants are affected by white ants, Cercospora leaf spot and bacterial leaf blight. Control: Pits are filled with FYM and treated with BHC or aldrin to protect the new plants from white ants. |
6. | Harvesting and yield | Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they are ready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark between December and March. |
7. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Gum resin contains guggulsteraes Z and E guggulsterols, two diterpenoids a terpene, hydrocarbon named cembrne A and B, a cliterpene alcohol mukulol 3 camphorone and cambrene |
8. | Action and uses | Carminative, antispasmodic, disphoretic, ecbolic, antisuppurative, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue. Gum resin is commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. |
9. | Compound Preparations | Yogarajaguggulu, Kaishoreguggulu, Chandraprabha vati. |
10. | Marketing | Gum resin is in great demand. |
12. INDIAN BARBERY
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Berberis aristata DC |
2. | Family | Berberidaceae |
3. | Local Name | Chitra, Rasaut |
4. | Habit & Habitat | An erect spinous shrub, 2 6 m. high, often
forming gregarious patches, pale yellowish-brown
bark, closely and rather deeply furrowed. Flowers
are golden-yellow. It occurs in the Himalayas between 2000 3000 m & also in Nilgiri Hills. |
5. | Plant part used | Root bark, stem, wood fruit. |
6. | Actual Ingradients | Barberine |
7. | Important States | Assam, Bihar and Himalayan Region |
8. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones Released/identified | Local clones |
9. | Propagotion | Propogation is from seeds, self sown in nature. Seedlings or cuttings can be taken during spring season after the berries are over. Layering is also recommended since the cuttings present some difficulties. |
10. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Barberine (alkaloid) |
11. | Post Harvest Management | Drying of barks |
12. | Utilisation | The use of the roots as a source of Rasaut
has been referred to. The dried berries are edible.
The root bark is rich in alkaloidal content.
Berberine, the principal alkaloid can be easily
obtained from the roots in the form of its salts. Rasaut, mixed with butter and alum, or with opium & lime-juice & painted over the eyelids as a useful house-hold remedy in acute conjuctivities and in chronic ophthalkmia. A yellow dye is obtained from root and the stem. The berberry dye has been largely used in tanning & colouring of leather. |
13. | Action and uses | Stomachic, astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, diaphoretic, antiphyretic, alerative, purgative. Used in menorrhagia, diarrhoea, jaundice, skin diseases, malarial fever. |
14. | Compound Preparations | Darvyadi Kwath, Darvyadi leha, Darvyadi taila. |
13. ISABGOL
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Plantago Ovata Forsk |
2. | Family | Plantaginaceae |
3. | Habit and Habitat | A herb found in Punjab plains and low hills from Sutlej westwards, Sindh and Baluchistan. |
4. | Area under cultivation | 50000 ha |
5. | Production in tonnes | 48000 t of seeds |
6. | Yield Plant part | Seeds 900-1500 kg/ha, Husk-225-375 kg/ha |
7. | Cultural Practices | |
i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | RI-87, RI-89, AMB-2, GI-1, GI-2, MI-4, MIB-121, HI-34, HI-2, HI-1, HI-5, NIHARIKA | |
ii. Propagation methods and planting time | By seeds Mid October to Mid December | |
iii. Fertilizers doses | N:P 50:25 kg/ha (25 kg of N + full P as basal dose 25 Kg N as top dressing 35 DAS) | |
iv.Irrigation schedule | 3 to 6 irrigations, Presowing, after sowing, Seedling stage, Spike formation stage, Flowering stage, Seed development stage depending upon the soil type and agro climatic condition. | |
v. Diseases, pests and their control | Downy mildew and Powdery mildew: Dithane
M-45 or Dithane Z-78 @ 2.0 to 2.5 g/lit or
Bordeaux mixture 6:3:100 for downy mildew and
Karathane W.D. (0.2%) for Powdery mildew
6:3:100 for downy mildew, Karathane W.D (0.2%)
for Powdery mildew. Wilt : Wilt disease is also observed which can be controlled by seed treatment with Bavistin or Benlate 2.5g/kg of seed. Sucking type of pests (Aphid) attach the crop. Spraying with Endosulfan @ 0.5% or Dimethodate @ 0.2% at fortnighty interval can control the aphids. | |
8. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Protein, polysaccharides, cellulose, pectin, oil, muscilage. |
9. | Post Harvest Management | Crop matures during March-April (110-130 days). It should be harvested when atmosphere is dry. Harvested plants spread over and after 2 days they are threshed with tractor/bullocks. Pinkish type husk are removed from the seed coat by processing through a series of grinding in mills to separate husk. |
10. | Cost of cultivation | Cost of Cultivation = Rs.19320/ha |
11 | Internal consumption and export potential | Isabgol seed 17,680.63 tonnes valued at Rs.14,069.78 lakhs and husk 2580.29 tonnes valued at Rs.1663.73 lakhs exported during the period from April October, 1997-98. Besides our internal consumption is also quite high. |
12. | Action and uses | Demulcent, cooling, diuretic; used in inflammatory conditions of the mucous membrane of gastro intestinal and genitourinary tracts, in chronic dysentery, diarrhoea and constipation. |
13. | Parts used | Seeds and seek husk. Used as single drug for cure of constipation and Dysentery. |
14. | Any other remarks | This crop has good export potential and can be exploited commercially |
14. JATAMANSI
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Nardostachys jatamansi De |
2. | Family | Valerianaceae |
3. | Habit and Habitat | An erect perennial herb with long, stout, woody rootstock; found in alpine Himalayas at 3500-5000 m. extending eastwards to Sikkim and Bhutan. The species is vulnerable. |
4. | Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients | Rhizome (1290 kg/ha) Valeopotriate and Essential Oil |
5. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Dalhouse clones |
ii.Propagation methods and planting time | Seeds and Roots. Seed nursery preparation in July/Aug. Transplating after 6 8 weeks (April/May) | |
iii.Fertilizer doses | 60:20:40 NPK | |
iv.Irringation schedule | One irrigation soon after sowing and 2-3 irrigations during rain free condition. | |
v.Dieseases, pests and their control | No serious pests and diseases. | |
5. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Volatile essential oil 0.5% (Valeopotriates and Valerian oil) |
6. | Post Harvest Management | Harvested roots washed and dried in shade condition. |
7. | Cost of cultivation (Cost : benefit ratio) | Not commercially cultivated |
8. | Action and uses | Aromatic, bitter, tonic, antispasmodic, deobstruent, stimulant, antiseptic, diuretic, emmenagogue. Used in epilepsy, hysteria, chorea, convulsions, palpitation of heart, mental disorders, insomnia. |
9. | Parts used | Root-stock |
10. | Compound Preparations | Mansyadi Kwath |
11. | Any other remarks | Crop is not under regular cultivation, so there is a rapid depletion of the plant from its natural sources. Quality degradation under storage is reported. |
15. KALMEGH
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Andrographis paniculata |
2. | Family | Acanthaceae |
3. | Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients | Panchang (Stem, leaf, flower, seed and root) Kalmeghin Andrographolide (0.8-2.%%). Leaves contains maximum while stem contains minimum amount. |
4. | Habit and Habitat | A small herb found throughout India in plains of Himachal Pradesh to Assam, Mizoram, Gujrat, Bihar and South India. |
5. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Local clones. There is no named variety. |
ii.Propagation methods and Planting timde | Propagated by seed and cuttings. Seedlings/plantlets raised in nursery in Iast week of July. | |
iii.Fertilizer doses | Poultry manure or FYM 10 t/ha, Castor cake 2 t/ha, 75 Kg N, 75 Kg P2O5. | |
iv.Irrigation schedule | Kharif season crop. If rain is inadequate then 2-9 irrigations are given. | |
6. | Post Harvest Management | Crop duration 90-100 days. Harvesting is done in end of October and 1st week of November. Harvest should be spread over on the floor and it should be covered at night to protect from dew. One week drying under shade is required. Average yield 2-2.5 t/ha dry herb. |
7. | Cost of cultivation Gross return Net return | Rs.10,000/ha Rs.43,000/ha Rs.33,000/ha |
8. | Internal consumption and export potential | Ayurvedic formulations for debility, chronic
malaria, jaundice, anemia and loss of apetite. Andrographis preparations in different potencies for Homeopathic medicines. |
16. KATKI
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Picrohiza Kurroa Royle ex Benth |
2. | Family | Scrophulariacae |
3. | Habit and Habitat | A perennial herb, found in Alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at altitudes of 2700 4500 m. |
4. | Cultural Practices Propagation methods | Through seeds and rhizome |
5. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Bitter glucoside Kutkin (3.4%), Kurrin, (0.5%), Vanillic acid (0.1%). |
6. | Post Harvest Management | Drying |
7. | Action and uses | Bitter tonic, antiperiodic, cholagogue, stomachic. Used in dyspepsia, fever, diseases of liver & spleen including jaundice, anaemia, scorpion stings and in purgative preparations. |
8. | Parts used | Root and rhizome |
9. | Compound Preparations | Arogyavardhani, Katukadya lauha, Tikkadi Kwath, Tiktadighrita |
10. | Internal consumption and export potential | Limited internal consumption |
11. | Any other remarks | Threatened perennial herb but can be domesticated and cultivated. |
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Garcinia indica Linnacus |
2. | Family | Clusiaceae |
3. | Habit and Habitat | Frequent in evergreen and deciduous forests along the coasts on winward side of Western Ghats to 400 m. |
4. | Area under cultivation Production | 1200/ha 10200 t |
5. | Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients | Ripe Fruit, 8.5 t/ha Hydroxy Citric Acid (HCA) Cambogin & Camboginol |
6. | Distribution | A tree found in Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, South Gujarat, Assam and West Bengal. |
7. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Konkan Amrita and local types |
ii.Propagation methods and planting time | By soft wood grafting, July August | |
iii.Fertilizer doses | 20 Kg FYM + 500 gm N + 250 gm P2O5 . | |
iv.Irrigation schedule | Normally grown as rainfed crop. Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue for grown up orchards. | |
v. Disease and Pests | Hardy crop. No major disease and pests. Leaf minor and pink disease sometime occurs which can be easily controlled. | |
8. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Arabin, essential oil, resin, tartaric, citric and phosporic acids, Hydroxy citric Acid. |
9. | Post Harvest Management | Harvesting in March to April. Drying of fruits and bark |
10. | Cost of cultivation Net return | Rs.13000/ha Rs.34300/ha 1:1:37 |
11. | Internal consumption and export potential | Fruit mainly used for preparation of value added products like Kokum syrup, dried kokum rind etc. which are consumed within the country. However, kokum seed fat is exported to Netherlands, Italy, Japan, Singapore, U.K and Malaysia. Good export potential. |
12. | Any other remarks | Hardy rainfed crop in coastal tropical region in the country. Crop has outs- standing medicinal properties (acidulent, dyscentry, pains, heart problems etc.) and also spice quality. |
18. KERTH
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Saussurea lappa |
2. | Family | Compositae |
3. | Area under Cultivation | About 100 ha |
4. | Production | About 200 t |
5. | Yield Plant part Actual ingredients | Tuberous Roots (2500030000 Kg/ha) Essential oil (1.5%) Saussunine (0.05%) |
6. | Important States | Kashmir valley (J&K) Lahaul spiti (HP) Garhwal (UP) |
7. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Kashmir & Punjab types |
ii.Propagation methods and planting time | Seeds are sown in May | |
iii.Irrigation schedule | 5-6 irrigations between May-September. | |
iv.Diseases, pests and their control | No major pests and diseases | |
v.Crop duration | 3 years. | |
8. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Essential oil (1.5%). Essential oil constituents (Aplotaxena 20%, Sesquiterpenes (60%), Saussuine alkaloid, Kushtin, Lactones, Costunolide, Palmitic Acid, Dihydrodehydrocostus, lactone, propyl acetate, lauric acid. |
9. | Post Harvest Management | Economical yield is obtained from 3 year old crop. Root is harvested in early spring. The roots are cleaned with water and dried for processing. |
10. | Cost of cultivation (Cost : benefit ratio) | 1:3.2 (in 3 years) Cost of cultivation : Rs.14,000/- Gross income : Rs. 45,000/- |
11. | Internal consumption and export potential | Exported to China, Japan, Italy and France. Internal consumption is limited. |
19. LIQORICE
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn |
2. | Family | Papilionaceae |
3. | Habit and Habitat | A herb, reported to be found in sub-Himalayan tracts. Most of the requirenment of Pharmaceutical industries is met by import only. Recently introduced in Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. |
4. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Haryana Mulhati No.1 (HM No.1) EC-111236, EC-124587, EC-21950 |
ii.Propagation methods and planting time | By root cuttings February-March or July-August | |
iii.Fertilizer doses | 10 t FYM/ha applied at the time of planting Chemical fertilizers: N 80 kg (40 kg basal dose + 20 kg each at 2nd + 3rd year), P2O5 40 kg/ha and K2O 20 kg/ha. | |
iv.Irrigation schedule | At 30-45 days intervals in summer or in dry season, 7-8 irrigations are needed. | |
v. Diseases, pests and their control Disease Causal name Organism --------------- ---------------------Leaf spot Cercospora Root rot Rhizoctonia Collor rot batalicola Selerotium sps Wilting Fusarium sps Leaf spot Alternaria tenius | Control ------------------------------------------------ i) Dithane M-45 or Dithane Z 78 @ 0.2%. ii) Bavistine (0.1%) followed by Daltan 0.3%. Bavistin or benlate before planting Aerial portion should be cut and destroyed. Carbonxazin 0.5% Bilitox 0.2%, 3-4 times at an interval of 6 days after appearance of disease symptoms. | |
Pests: Attack of terminate has Observed in light soils | ||
vi. Crop duration | 2.5 to 3 year | |
5. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Glycyrrhizin (12-15%), Flavonoids (Apioliquiretin, liquiritin, Apiossliquiritin, Isoliquiritin, monin, liquisitigenin, Glycycocernarin, Glycysol and Glycyrin). |
6. | Post Harvest Management | After digging the roots in September, left in the field for sun drying, later the roots are sorted out and cleaned. Dry roots stored in polythene lined bags. |
7. | Action and uses | Laxative, demulcent, emllkient, tonics, aphrodisiac. Used in sore throat, cough, genitourinary diseases, anorexia, asthma, persistent low fever. |
8. | Compound Preparations | Yashtyadi churna, Yashtyadi Kwath, Yashtimadhwadya tails. |
9. | Internal consumption and export potential | It is imported (about 5,000 to 10,000 of dry roots annually) from Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq. |
10. | Any other remarks | Cultivatrion not yet popularised. |
20. LONG PEPPER
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Long Pepper (Piper longum Linn) |
2. | Family | Piperaceae |
3. | Habit and Habitat | A slender climber with perennial woody roots, found in hotter parts of India with humid damp climate, viz., Western ghats, central Himalayas to Assam, Khasi and Mikir hills and lower hills of Bengal |
4. | Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients | Dry spike 650-700 kg/year/ha Root yield 500 kg/ha Piperine (4.5%) Essential oil 0.7%) |
5. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Cheemathipali, Viswam |
ii.Propagation methods and planting time | Rooted vine cuttings and suckers. Soon after the onset of monsoon | |
iii.Fertilizer doses | Mostly grown as an under crop on residual fertility. 20 t FYM/ha. Application of inorganic fertilizers are not yet reported. | |
iv.Irrigation schedule | During summer, one irrigation/week. Sprinkler irrigation is also beneficial. | |
v. Diseases, pests and their control | Leaf and vine rot & necrotic spots and blights on leaves (1% spray of Bordeaux mixture). Mealy bug attack (any systemic insecticides). Adults and nymphs of Helopeltis theivora attack (neems seed kernel extract @ 0.25%). | |
6. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Piperine and Piplartin |
7. | Post Harvest Management | The first harvest from vines is available after six months of planting. Spike are ready for harvest after two months of formation. Harvested spikes and roots are sundried and stored in moisture proof bags. The produce fetches price according to the grade. |
8. | Action and uses | Alterative, tonic, sedative, vermifuge, cholagogue, emmenagogue. Used in cough, cold, chronic bronchitis, palsy, gout, rheumatism, lumbago, insomnia, epilepsy, asthma, amorexia, piles, dyspepsia, leucoderma. |
9. | Compound Preparations | Gudapippali, Pippalikhanda, Pipalyasva. |
10. | Internal consumption and export potential | Huge internal consumption. 558.31 t imported in 1995-96 valued at Rs.76.92 lakhs and 38.523 t exported in 1995-96 valued at Rs.17.02 lakhs. |
21. MADHUNASHINI
1. | Name of the Medicinal Plant | Gymnema Sylvestre R. Br |
2. | Family | Asclepiadaceae |
3. | Plant parts used | Leave and roots |
4. | Habit and Habitat | A perennial climber found in Western Ghats, Konkan, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh. |
5. | Cultural Practices i. Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Local clones |
ii.Propagation methods and planting time | By cutting in rainy season | |
iii.Fertilizer doses | 10 g Nitrogen 6 5 g Phosphorous/vine | |
6. | Biochemical Analysis (Active ingredients) | Gymnemic acid,
Quercitol, Lupeol, B-amyrin, Stigmasterol |
7. | Harvesting | After one year leaves are ready for harvesting |
8. | Harvesting period | September to February |
9. | Post Harvest Management | Drying of leaves and roots |
10. | Action and uses | Astringent, stomachic, tonic, refrigerant, antidiabetic. Leaves have a peculiar property neutralising temporarily the taste sensation for sugar and used in diabetis. |
11. | Uses | Diabetes, Liver disorders, cardiac Amenorrhoea, Sec. Amenorrhoea, Cough and Asthma |
12. | Compound Preparations | Sarivadyasava, Sarivadyavaleha, Sarivadi Kwath, Sarivadi vati. |
22. SATAVARI
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Asparagus racemosus Willd |
2. | Family | Liliaceae |
3. | Habit and Habitat | A climber found almost all over India |
4. | Yield Plant Actual Ingredients | Tuberous roots (100-150 q/ha 3rd year). Saponin |
5. | Cultural Practices i. Varieties/Types/Clones ii.Propagation methods and planting time | Local clones By seeds/adventitious roots March-April (Sowing) July-August (Transplanting) |
6. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Shatavarin I, II, III and IV (Roots) Quercetin,
rutin and Hyperoside (Flowers and fruits) Diosgenin and Quercetin 3 Glucuronide (Leaves) |
7. | Post Harvest Management | Tuberious roots are ready for harvesting in 3rd year. After harvesting, roots (tuberous) are washed and dried in sun for making of powder. |
8. | Action and uses | Antidiarrhoetic, refrigerant, antidysenteric, diuretic, demulcent, nutritive tonic, galactagogue, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic. Used in consumption, epilepsy, diarrhoea, blood dysentery, haemophilic disorders, swellings. |
9. | Parts used | Root |
10. | Compound Preparations | Shatavari ghrita, Naraina taila, Vishnu Tails, Shatmulyadi lauha, Shatavari panaka. |
23. SHANKAPUSHPI
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Convolvulus pluricaulis |
2. | Family | Convolvulaceae |
3. | Distribution | A prostrate perennial herb found all over India, in Lalitpur district found in Talbehat, Meharauni and Lalitpur forest ranges. Present day availability is very low, approximately 50 60 quintal per year. |
4. | Part used | Whole plant |
5. | Soil type | Sandy loams, Block cotton soils Red sandy soils; PH 5.5 to 7. It is also grown in marginal lands with good drainage and some organic matter applied to the soil. |
6. | Rainfall | 800 mm 1200 mm |
7. | Field preparation | Deep ploughing in the month of May and is allowed to weather. 15 tons per hectare farm yard manure is spread out in the field during June before rains. After FYM applied and after on set of monsoons second ploughing is done followed by two cross harrowing. The land is finally divided in to small blocks. |
8. | Sowing | The seeds are broadcast mixing with sand or Line sowing 30 cm x 30 cm also done. After sowing light top dressing of FYM is given. Very light watering is done. Seedlings appear within 30 days. |
9. | Weeding & Hoeing | Generally two weedings & hoeing are given within 40 50 days.l |
10. | Harvesting | Plants get flowers in October and seeds developed in December. Crop harvesting period is January to May. Whole plant is dried in shade and is stored for marketing. |
11. | Biochemical analysis (active ingredients | Alkaloids, Sankhpuspine |
12. | Action | Intellect promoting, nervine tonic, Expectrorant, Anti-leprotic, Refrigerant |
13. | Uses | Insomnia, Insanity and Epilepsy, Cough, Skin disorders, Hyperpyrexia, General debility |
24. SAFED MUSLI
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Chlorophytum borivillanum |
2. | Family | Liliaceae |
3. | Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients | Tuberous roots (1000 kg/ha) Saponin 2-4% |
4. | Distribution | Southern Rajasthan, Western M.P and North Gujarat |
5. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | Selections viz. RC-2, RC-16, RC-36, RC-20,
RC-23. RC-37 have been collected and maintained at RAU, Udaipur |
ii.Propagationn methods and planting time | By seed and by tuberous roots, second week of June | |
iii.Fertilizer doses | No chemical fertilizer tested on thir crop. 10-15 t FYM/ha provides good nutrient status for heatlhy growth. | |
iv. Irrigation schedule | First irrigation immediately after planting. If there is no rainfall, then irrigation may be done after 10-15 days interval. | |
v.Diseases, pests and their control a)Rotting of root during storage b) Chlorosis in foilage | Infection of Aspergillus sps and Fusarium
sps. Control : Treatment with thiram and captan at 4.0 g/kg of roots reduced rotting during storage. This may be due to Iron defiency. | |
vi.Crop duration | 90-110 days | |
6. | Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients) | Carbohydrates 39.10% - 42% Protein 0.5% Saponin 2% - 4% Root fiber 3% - 5% |
7. | Post Harvest Management | Harvested roots are spread in the shade for about 4-7 days. Later, fleshy roots separated from the bunches. Slight pressure exerted by thumb and finger on the skin of root so that they get separated and milky white root come out. It should be cleaned and dried for 7-10 days. |
8. | Cost of cultivation (Cost : benefit ratio) | Cost of cultivation = Rs.22,000/- Gross return = Rs.65,000/- Cost benefit ratio = 1:2:95 |
9. | Internal consumption and export potential | Mainly consumed in herbal based pharmaceutical industries. It has large and consistent market demand in the country and current projection of the annual demand is estimated between 300-500 t. |
10. | Any other remarks | Safed musli is a well known tonic and a aphrodiasic drug given to cure general debility and extensively used in Ayurvedic medicines. Still major requirements of the parmaceutical industries is fulfilled through collection from the forest, thus it has become threatened species in India. Effort should be made for its regular cultivation to fulfil the growing demand. |
25. SENNA
1. | Name of Medicinal Plant | Cassia angustifolia vahi |
2. | Family | Caesalpinaceae |
3. | Area under cultivation | 25000 ha. |
4. | Production | Leaves 22500 t and Pods 7500 t. |
5. | Yield Plant part Actual Ingredients | Leaves 1500-2000 kg/ha and pods 700-1000
kg/ha (Immature) Sennosides (2.5% in leaf; 3.5-4% in poda) |
6. | Important States | Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Delhi |
7. | Cultural Practices i.Varieties/Types/Clones released/identified | ALFT-2, Tinneyvalley senna and Sona. |
ii.Propagation methods and planting time 1 | By seed, September-October in Tamilnadu. June July in Western India. | |
iii.Fertilizer doses | 80 kg of N: 40 kg of P2o5: 20 Kg K2O/ ha. Nitrogen in 4 equal splits (sowing, 30 days thinning stage, after first and second harvest). | |
iv.Irrigation schedule | At sowing and thinning stage. | |
v.Diseases, pests and their control | Diseases a).N.W India Damping off at seedling stage caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola. Control Thiram or Captan 2.5g/kg b) Dry rot caused by Macrophomina phaseoli c)Leaf spot caused by Phyllosticta spp. And Cercospora sp. Control 0.5% Diathene M-45. Pests
| |
vi. Crop duration | 130-150 days | |
8. | Biochemical analysis (Active Ingredients) | Sennosides, A, B, C, D rhein, aloe-amine, Kaempferein and Iso-rhein in free and compound/glycoside forms. |
9. | Post harvest Management | Shade drying for 3-5 days to bring down to 8% moisture level and light green to greeish yellow colour is preferred. |
10. | Action and uses | Laxative, purgative. Used in constipation. |
11. | Compound Preparations | Yashtyadi churna, Shataskar churna. |